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mourning the death of american exceptionalism

One of the problems that we face in today's geo-political framework that is new is the attenuated boundaries on the map that used to be rather solid and definite. We now live in a world where communications and transportation force once separate and distinct cultures, ideologies, and people to rub up against each other. If markets go down in Japan, they go down in the US. The exchange of goods works within a massive web of cause and effect where lives are effected thousands of miles apart in small towns from various industries that are networked.

Because of the confluence of economic and political flows outside and in spite of once solid boundaries, new orientations to the world are needed by all governments. This means that the myth that America is somehow exceptional in this massive mix must be changed or abandoned. David Kyuman Kim argues for the latter:

I am looking for a way to open a space for a disposition and an outlook that I believe can help mourn the exhaustion of the myth of American exceptionalism. Let me be clear: I do not think that the myth of American exceptionalism has gone away quietly in the twilight of the Bush administration. In my estimation, the disenchantment of giving up the myth of American exceptionalism will involve experiencing the lived effects of the catastrophic, of coming to terms with cultural nihilism, and even with worldly collapse. It will involve relinquishing the comforts—metaphysical and otherwise—of being an imperial power.

via All used up « The Immanent Frame.

As with any social change, those who experience anxiety towards it will react in often negative and incendiary ways. This is not unlike the reaction formation a two year old shows in the face of change. In order not to experience the pain of loss, the two year old will pre-emptively negate everything. The persistent negation by the Republican party as well as the Tea Partiers who are gathering this weekend show a similar reaction. Before they submit to mourning the death of exceptionalism, they will deny that it is true and react with hostility, anger, and nihilism. By now it is clear that this kind of reaction is evident in the language and demeanor of those involved with the reactionary stance. Yet, the resistance itself is evidence that change is happening somewhere. If it is not in terms of "business as usual" in the United States, change is happening somewhere that has a direct effect on what happens on US soil.

Let me put it more forcefully: I am trying to engage and join a project that recuperates these values of democracy, freedom, and hope. Nonetheless, I think that such recuperation can only take place through a reckoning with American complicity with evil in the world and with the acknowledgment that it will be difficult to be different from what we have been––as a nation, as a people––for the last two-plus centuries. Again, I worry that America is a nation that is too prone to arrogance, to over-confidence, to the indulgence of self-interest. And I also worry that once we realize as a people—the social imaginary of “the American people”—that we are in fact living through a catastrophic age, the relinquishing of the myth of American exceptionalism will leave us prone to reactionary forces rather than to moral and ethical ones.

Kim calls for an elegiac tone and posture for working through this change. However, what will happen with the reactionary buildup? Does is by natural selection dissipate? That is to say, is the prospect of adapting to change so inevitable at this point, that the hostility from the reaction will die off like a dying branch on a tree? Who are the actors responsible for initiating this change of tone and message to move to a more radical kind of change that embraces the death of exceptionalism? It would see to be the responsibility of every citizen. However, this is a tall order given the amount of attention the reactions from the Right on Fox News and the counter-reactions from the Left on MSNBC give us. Reason and this elegiac demeanor are hidden under all the rubbish. Who will liberate this view and is it within the President's power to do so?

I am also wondering how the world wide community of Christians fits in with this set of problems. Is the church helping or hindering the healthy mourning of exceptionalism in order to adapt to a changed world? Kim's closing lines seem to address the position that the church as an organizations like international corporate trade that is, or ought to be, grounded apart from the limitations of political, social, cultural, and economic boundaries.

To adopt an elegiac temperament is to embrace an ethic of aspiration, as well as the commitment to self-cultivation and attunement. It is, finally, also to acknowledge that one has to die a little in order to live fully, freely. This is an elegiac move because it requires acknowledging that with change there is loss, especially a loss of love. It requires sacrifice.  And it requires courage, conviction, and the willingness to leave one world behind in order to lay claim to another world, and, further, to leave a love behind by claiming a new love.  Disenthralling ourselves from American imperial ideology may mean that we will make a world with heavy hearts, but hearts that have turned, converted, shifted to a world worth dying for and living for.

the influence of the westminster confession on religious freedom

In a fascinating article, Leah Farish argues that the revised Westminster Confession offers an interpretive framework for 1st Amendment Establishment Clauses. The argument reinforces the separation of church and state powers. However, the twist is that this was not from an agnostic Enlightenment ideal, but from the content of the Westminster Confession itself as revised at the same time the Constitution was being written. In particular, Farish argues the language of "free exercise" of religion is derived from the revised Westminster Confession itself.

The Founders’ religious heritage motivated them to accord procedural protection for those who did not share their religion, because Reformed Christianity naturally spreads individual civil liberties and a concept of public service within a culture. The landscape of the Confessors and Founders is one in which Christian presuppositions underlie public policy, and the government avoids interfering with and even protects religious groups, to the degree of allowing local variations in what is understood to be an impermissible establishment of religion. It is a landscape where the Christian elements of the nation’s heritage and traditions are affirmed. It even allows for a degree of preference and support for “the church of our common Lord” that today would not be tolerated by many Americans. Yet in the same landscape dwell those who deeply disagree with Christianity, and those who are undecided or uninterested in it. And those too are afforded freedom and safety.

via Journal of Religion and Society.

Of particular note, Farish also makes a case that the language of the 1st Amendment was likely written by Fisher Ames rather than James Madison. Ames was more flexible with the idea of a state established religion (as opposed to a federal establishment) than James Madison who was more adamant about state disestablishment altogether.

Madison, …, was wandering further from, not closer to, what proved to be the winning approach when he tried to split the provisions, disestablish religions even at the state level, and insert his two ideas in various places in the text of the Constitution.

Implied throughout is the notion that religion offers a unifying force in the colonies which is likely the reason for its protection through the 1st Amendment clause. Over the next 40 years after the Constitution, Madison's side would prove to win out in the end as Massachusetts was the last colony to disestablish the state sponsored religion. Indeed, as Farish quotes Voltaire, this view is what the courts have been consistent in upholding as the religion in the nation would become progressively more pluralistic which is evident by the current religious landscape of the United States.

“If one religion only were allowed in England, the government would possibly become arbitrary; if there were but two, the people would cut each other’s throats; but as there are such a multitude, they all live happy and in peace.”

What this article does do is show just how powerful the Presbyterian establishment was at the time. It also reveals the influence of Calvinism with its emphasis on law and order in the drafting of the Constitution. The irony is that this very influence cultivated the soil for progressive religious disestablishment. When combined with Enlightenment discontent over religious establishment, complete disestablishment was only a matter of time. It's ironic that the idea of  "the United States is a Christian nation" was undermined long ago by the very language of "free exercise" which derived its energy from Christian tradition itself.

pcusa + emergence: is the talk too cheap?

David Williams asks the same questions I tend to ask on a regular basis, but does so in a better way. He gets to the issue of why the energy often wanes in emergent groups. Can we claim the power of the Holy Spirit at work within and among us? Can we dare to be truly radical and seek change within the church?

(T)ransformation only occurs when you graciously engage with the Other. That means making a point of getting out of our comfortable klatches and pushing outward into ones that aren't quite as easy. Can we share the value of Spirit-driven relationality with that fundamentalist blogger? Or that atheist with a chip on his shoulder? Do we reach out to that young Korean who's burned out on the relentless demands of the church she grew up in? Or that soldier who has returned from war with a shattered faith? Or that mom who goes to a Big Parking Lot church because it's kids program is a well-oiled machine that fits well with little Tyler's soccer schedule? Or the blue-haired matriarch of that little country church with 22 members?

via Beloved Spear: Emergence, The Spirit, and the Trap of the Klatch.

For the emerging church within the church to be what it wants to be, I think this hits the nail on the head. It has to be a movement that radically alters the social field of the church in terms of age, race, gender, and the biggest elephant in the room, class.

If we look like a middle to upper class white denomination, then that is who we will attract and never change. If we expect people to have a certain level of dialogue and discussion skills without opening the doors to teach people, then we will never change. Ties and khakis are a symbol of white collar work and class. Jeans and dirty boots are symbols of blue collar work. Clothing is class. We dress who we want to be like and who we are.

The problem with change is property and income. Pastors have a hard time doing this stuff because of the anxiety and resistance, even if there is a small core of members in the church that are on board with it. In this economy, it is far too difficult to get up and walk at the behest of Jesus to make change when that damn mat you are sitting on is the only thing you have to live on to support your children. Change requires risk and without an ample safety net to catch the risk taker, it's too much to ask of a mainline pastor.

We need a financial net somewhere to catch people in order to inject risk into the system in order for people to nudge it towards something that it not a lilly white classist organization – which it is for the most part. (If you are saying "that's not my church" you are either right or ignoring the reality in front of you. I have seen both.)

Faith is supposed to be the net here just to move people in a direction of radical change. Relying on the promises of God is what is ultimately supposed to catch risk takers. Butted against the realities of American life, however, the line between faith and irresponsible delusion is very fine one. This is where better discernment and calling on the Holy Spirit to give life is indeed necessary.

the problem with jesus satisfying the law on the cross

In my previous post on original sin, the discussion inevitably lead to the atonement. I have voiced my disagreement with the satisfaction theory of the atonement before.

To heal the issue of an imperfect liberty in human nature which we see active in Adam and Eve, God becomes incarnate in order to fuse the divine nature with human nature and to fuse divine will with human will in a perfect union. It is in the hypostatic union of Christ that we see the image of what God intended humanity to be. It is not about satisfying God's law of death as a payment for sin on the cross that human nature is redeemed, it is in the act of God condescending to human nature that this nature becomes what true human being always intended to be. Hence, the word of this hymn (my emphasis):

The King of the heavenly hosts wears a crown of thorns. The One who clothed the heavens in clouds, is wrapped in mock purple. He who freed Adam in the Jordan, is buffeted with blows. The bridegroom of the Church is transfixed with nails. The virgin’s Son is pierced with a lance.

We worship Your passion, O Christ. (3x)

Show us now Your glorious resurrection.

The cross is not God satisfying God's law through death, but of true humanity emptying itself of its own will to submit to the will of God in absolute obedience – an obedience that results in death. This kenosis as Paul calls it in his letter to the Philippians, does not occur on the cross alone as if Christ had not emptied his human will for the sake of the divine will before this point. Christ empties his human will at his baptism and it is in this self-emptying action which begins his ministry, his death of human will in submission, that Adam's nature is redeemed. If Adam was alienated from God in disobedience, it is here where Christ reveals his perfect union of God and human in absolute obedience.

Sin is not a simple act of disobedience or some metaphysical nature, it the bondage of the will. The first act of disobedience shows that humanity sold out to everything not God and re-imaged it to be God in the most heinous act of idolatry. If sin is what holds the human will captive, it is the obedience of Christ that sets it free.

If we are only set free with some kind of payment rendered on the cross, who is being paid the ransom to set us free? And if it is only this event that gives the gift of freedom, does the union of God and human in the person of Christ mean little until that occurs? Christ is not required to strike some legal bargain as if it is the Law that is the foundation of the world.

It is Christ himself who is the foundation of the world. The satisfaction theory divides and confuses the being of the Triune God in order to serve and unify a Law that does not save, but condemns and enslaves (Romans 7:6 for one). Through obedience as a direct result of the Incarnation, Christ fulfils the Law and releases humanity from the captivity of sin replacing it with a new Law of love and grace received through faith. As Gregory of Nazianzen wrote:

To whom was that blood offered that was shed for us, and why was it shed? I mean the precious and glorious blood of God, the blood of the High Priest and of the Sacrifice. We were in bondage to the devil and sold under sin, having become corrupt through our concupiscence. Now, since a ransom is paid to him who holds us in his power, I ask to whom such a price was offered and why? If to the devil, it is outrageous! The robber receives the ransom, not only from God, but a ransom consisting of God himself. He demands so exorbitant a payment for his tyranny that it would have been right for him to have freed us altogether. But if the price is offered to the Father, I ask first of all, how? For it was not the Father who held us captive. Why then should be blood of His only begotten Son please the Father, who would not even receive Isaac when he was offered as a whole burnt offering by Abraham, but replaced the human sacrifice with a ram? Is it not evident that the Father accepts the sacrifice not because he demanded it or because He felt any need for it, but on account of economy: because man must be sanctified by the humanity of God, and God Himself must deliver us by overcoming the tyrant through His own power, and drawing us to Himself by the mediation of the Son who effects this all for the honor of God, to whom He was obedient in everything… What remains to be said shall be covered with a reverent silence… (In sanctum Pascha, or. XLV, 22’, P.G., t 36, 653 AB, quoted in Lossky, Mystical Theology, p. 153.)

The followers of Christ have been in a wilderness in the new Exodus, wandering in the desert of humanity performing the same errors in generations past. The witness of Christ's work and personhood are to be our guide and foundation, not adherence to the Law as if to suggest we are to ignore the work of Christ to fulfil it. Time for Christians to act like the free and forgiven people they espouse to be. Forgiving others and forgiving ourselves while acting with compassion and grace towards others is the only sign that Christians have an understanding of this, the true meaning of the Gospel.

a little problem with original sin

Psalm 139: 13-16
For it was you who formed my inward parts;
you knit me together in my mother’s womb.

I praise you, for I am fearfully and wonderfully made.
Wonderful are your works;
that I know very well.

My frame was not hidden from you,
when I was being made in secret,
intricately woven in the depths of the earth.

Your eyes beheld my unformed substance.
In your book were written
all the days that were formed for me,
when none of them as yet existed.


Calvin called the tendency to sin part of a person's "hereditary nature." John Wesley called it "the corruption of the nature of every man, that naturally is engendered." Luther considered all humans "conceived and born in sin." Without any real understanding of how genetics and how traits pass from one generation of the next, Augustine straight through medieval Catholicism to the Reformers held the view that sin entered into our evolution because Adam chose to eat the apple Eve gave to him.

Any student of evolution and genetics surely know that an entire gene pool isn't changed in it's very DNA structure through the choice of one of its members. That does not happen in nature. That would be like saying if one child has autism not only the next but all subsequent generations will have autism. Moreover, that first autistic child would have to have chosen to be autistic through some act of agency to make it possible. Got it? I don't either. Mutations take many, many successive generations.

If we hold to original sin and total depravity as non-negotiable absolutes, it's more reasonable, at least based on any passage of scripture the anti-abortion movement might quote, to suggest that humanity is sinful because God made humanity sinful. Of course, that does not harmoize all of those pronouncements in Genesis about how "good" everything is, especially human beings to whom God bestows the privilege of co-creators of creation. How is it that God made us all sinful if God also made us good? Unless of course God decided to make us all sinful after Adam and Eve's little faux pas with that tasty, delicious red apple. So why would God, by some supernatural act, cause humanity to be knit together and wonderfully formed, but as a sinful creature because Adam, whose sperm transmits the bad gene of sin, got a little hungry when his hot wife offered him an apple? Here's where the language of mystery arbitrarily enters into the fray. Blah.

We know too much about what makes people tick to hold to such foolish doctrines. We know how adaptation works, the survival instinct, defense mechanisms, etc. to hold to some metaphysical speculation regarding why humans enact the same kinds of mechanisms of survival and competition that we observe with other species. Of course, many who hold total depravity and original sin as absolutes simply reject evidence in order to idolize a doctrine that does not make much sense, even when tested with scripture itself. I mean, without meat lions would not last long. This is why tasty lambs are a treat if a lion can find a poor defenseless flock somewhere. I raise this because in eschatological pronouncements lions and lambs are going to be friends and predators are going to cease preying on other animals. All because of an apple and one dude's bad choice? But again, as we should all know, without predators entire ecosystems are in jeopardy due to overpopulation of species.

Time to get rid of total depravity and listen to the restoration movement and the teaching of John Cassian which offer a more elegantly simple and rational explanation for why we are so mean to each other sometimes and why animals have to survive by eating other animals and having lots of sex. Simply put, only God is perfect and so, the world and all that is in it was never perfect. Because God gave human beings the ability to choose, that includes the choice of things that are not God. Humans are responsible for bad choices, not some bizarre chromosome that is magically healed, but not all the way, with a little dash of water on the forehead by an ordained minister. Humans are responsible for screwing things up and responsible for finding their way back to the source of all that is good, the one true and perfect God. With that, the whole of scripture now blends in a much more seamless way.

Saying that this makes the work of Christ "ineffectual" or that it "nullifies" the Gospel is a bit dramatic. Jesus still rose from the dead people. Jesus still reveals the Kingdom of God and still reveals how God reconciles people back to God's own self through resurrection. It also does not change the Holy Spirit's presence, etc. Dump the absurdity of total depravity and original sin, then re-do the meaning of the Gospel from scripture and see what you get. Trust me here, it just makes more sense.

The more I read scripture in a way that let's it make it's own sense, the less I buy classical Reformed theology as something that makes sense.